What are the molecular biology techniques?

Posted by lisa on November 17, 2022
Table of Contents

    Introduction

    Molecular biology is the study of the molecular mechanisms that control bodily functions. It is an umbrella term that includes not only genetics but also other areas such as biochemistry.

    What is molecular biology?

    Molecular biology is a branch of biology that studies life at the molecular level. It includes genetics, biochemistry and cell biology as well as other disciplines such as microbiology and molecular evolution.

    What are the molecular biology techniques?

    • Molecular biology techniques

    Molecular biology is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of living things on a molecular level. It includes the study of cellular processes, such as replication and transcription (as well as other chemical reactions).

    • Molecular biology methods

    Methods used in molecular biology to understand how cells work include:

    • Biochemistry techniques

    Methods used in biochemistry to understand how chemical processes inside cells work include: * Fractionation (separating out different components from each other) * Isolation * Purification

    What is the difference between molecular and cell biology?What is cell biology?

    Molecular biology is a branch of biology that studies the molecular machinery of life. It focuses on the structure and function of molecules, genes and chromosomes.

    Cell biology encompasses the study of cells including their structure, functions, interactions with other organisms and how they develop into tissues and organs. Cell biologists investigate how cell organelles work together to keep an organism alive.

    Molecular biologists use various techniques like DNA sequencing (to identify DNA sequences) or fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to determine where specific genes are located within a cell's nucleus at any given time while studying its function in relation to other parts nearby due to possible genetic mutations which can lead to disease symptoms such as cancerous tumors so they can be treated appropriately by specialists such as doctors who specialize in treating specific types of cancers like breast cancer or prostate cancer depending on gender differences between female vs male patients (e., breast tissue will have more estrogen receptors than male testicles do).

    Molecular Biology Techniques

    Molecular biology techniques are the application of molecular biology methods to study biological processes at the level of DNA, RNA and proteins. These often include:

    • Restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at specific sequences.
    • DNA ligase, an enzyme that repairs and re-joins broken strands of double-stranded DNA.
    • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique used to amplify targeted sections of DNA in order to make more copies for analysis or sequencing.

    Methods like gel electrophoresis use electric fields to separate large molecules by size under conditions where they will naturally migrate toward one end or another (this is called their "mobility"). This allows you to compare how much different parts of your sample have moved based on their size—and thus figure out what those parts are made out of!

    Electrophoresis, Separation of DNA Fragments by Size, Purification and Analysis of Small Molecules by Gel Filtration

    Electrophoresis is a technique that allows you to separate and analyze molecules based on their charge, size and shape. The different molecules are placed in a gel matrix (a glass, plastic or agarose matrix) and electric current is passed through it. Smaller molecules travel faster than larger ones due to their higher mobility in the solution. If you place the gel in an horizontal position, then all the fragments will move towards the cathode (negative electrode).

    Transcription, Mapping Genes by Fusion to the lacZ Gene of Bacteriophage Lambda

    Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA. The RNA copy is called messenger RNA (mRNA).

    The lacZ gene encodes beta galactosidase, an enzyme that cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. A piece of DNA that contains the lacZ gene fused to another protein-coding sequence can be used to identify cells carrying this fusion. Infected cells will be able to use the lactose in their environment and produce a blue color when they are exposed to X-gal or other chromogenic substrates such as Eosin Y or Bromophenol Blue.

    End-Labeling of Probes, Purification and Analysis of DNA Fragments by Gel Filtration

    • End-Labeling of Probes

    In this technique, two different probes are made: one labeled with 32P and the other without a radiolabel. The unlabeled probe is used to detect the presence of a target DNA fragment in an unknown mixture of fragments. The 32P labeled probe will be used as a competitor for hybridization with the target DNA fragment because it is only allowed to bind at high stringency conditions (very low salt concentration). Since it is known that there are three copies of G within each repeat unit in satellite DNA, we can use gel filtration columns to purify our satellite DNA fragments on the basis that they have lower molecular weight than our nonsatellite DNAs (our nonsatellites do not contain G nucleotides).

    Separation of RNA by Size, Separation of Proteins by Charge, Preparation of Desalted Samples for Mass Spectrometry or MS/MS

    • Desalting is a process that removes salts from a solution.
    • It’s used to remove salts before mass spectrometry, which is a technique used to measure the mass of particles.
    • Mass spectrometry is used in biological research for several purposes, including measuring the mass of proteins, identifying unknown DNA sequences and mapping locations where proteins bind to DNA.

    The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to make many copies of a piece of DNA. It's used in molecular biology to amplify DNA for use in gene sequencing, genetic mapping, and DNA fingerprinting.

    Molecular biology refers to the study of cells and biochemical properties in an attempt to understand how molecules control bodily functions. It is an umbrella term that includes not only genetics but also other areas such as biochemistry.

    Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis for living processes. It includes the study of genes, and how these genes are expressed in an organism. In contrast to cell biology, which encompasses all of the life processes that occur inside cells, molecular biology focuses on specific aspects such as DNA replication, protein synthesis, or gene expression.

    Molecular biologists use many types of techniques to learn about cells and their functions; these include biochemistry methods, cell biology techniques (such as microscopy), genomics methods (computational analysis), proteomics methods (study of proteins), structural biology techniques (such as X-ray crystallography).

    Conclusion

    Molecular biology is a field of science that studies the structure, function and properties of molecules in cells. It uses a combination of biochemistry and genetics to understand how these molecules control bodily functions.

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